This website is dedicated to the millions of thyroid patients who are being ignored and left to suffer unnecessarily, and to healthcare practitioners, who want to better serve those patients.

The Great Thyroid Scandal References

REFERENCES:

  1. Saravanan P, Chau F, Roberts N, Vedhara K, Greenwood R, Dayan CM 2002 Psychological well-being in patients on adequate doses of l-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 57:577585
  2. Understanding Thyroid Hormone Action and the Effects of Thyroid Hormone Replacement Just the Beginning Not the End’. P Saravanan, C M Dayan, Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol: http://www.hotthyroidology.com/editorial_135.html
  3. Po.AL, Kendall MJ. Causality assessment of adverse effects: when is re-challenge ethically acceptable? Drug Saf. 2001;24(11):793-9
  4. Turner S.Thyroid Patient Advocacy sponsored a registry of counterexamples, numbering just under 2000 (July. 2012). http://www.tpa-uk.org.uk/register_of_counterexamples.php
  5. The SIGN Guide to the AGREE guideline appraisal instrument. http://www.sign.ac.uk/methodology/agreeguide/index.html.
  6. Bolitho v City and Hackney Hea lth Authority [1997] 4 All ER 771.
  7. Popper KR, Conjectures and Refutations, 1963, pgs 33-39 excerpted on the internet at www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/popper_falsification.html and reprinted Routledge Classics, 2003, pgs 43-51
  8. Escobar-Morreale HF, del Rey FE, Obregon MJ, de Escobar GM. Only the combined treatment with thyroxine and triiodothyronine ensures euthyroidism in all tissues of the thyroidectomized rat. Endocrinology. 1996 Jun;137(6):2490-502
  9. Joffe R, Blank DW, Post RM, Uhde TW. Decreased triiodothyronines in depression: A preliminary report. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHI 1985; 20: 922-925.
  10. Cooke RG, Joffe RT, Levitt AJ. T3 augmentation of antidepressant treatment in T4-replaced thyroid patients. J CLIN PSYCHI 1992; 53, 1 (Jan): 16-18.
  11. Gelenberg AJ. T3 + T4 = success. BIOLOGICAL THERAPIES IN PSYCHI
    NEWS-LTR 1992; 15, 4 (April): 14.
  12. Dommisse J. T3 is at least as important as T4 in all hypothyroid patients.J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jul;54(7):277-9.
  13. Whybrow PC (1994): The therapeutic use of triiodothyronine and high dose thyroxine in psychiatric disorder. Acta Medica Austriaca 21:47-5
  14. CHOPRA IJ: Euthyroid sick syndrome: is it a misnomer? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82: 329-334, 1997.
  15. Sjberg S, Eriksson M, Werner S, Bjellerup P, Nordin C. L-thyroxine treatment in primary hypothyroidism does not increase the content of free triiodothyronine in cerebrospinal fluid: a pilot study.Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. [email protected]. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2011 Feb;71(1):63-7.
  16. Leslie J. De Groot. Dangerous Dogmas in Medicine: The Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism January 1, 1999 vol. 84 no. 1 151-164
  17. Chester Ridgway et.al. The Colorado Thyroid Disease Prevalence Study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:526-534.
  18. OReilly DS. Thyroid function tests-time for a reassessment. BMJ. 2000;320:13324.
  19. Gullo D, Latina A, Frasca F, Le Moli R, Pellegriti G, et al. (2011) Levothyroxine Monotherapy Cannot Guarantee Euthyroidism in All Athyreotic Patients. PLoS ONE 6(8): e22552. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022552
  20. Turner S. Thyroid Patient Advocacy. TPA Hypothyroid Patient Survey: http://www.tpa-uk.org.uk/tpauk_survey.pdf
  21. Devlin WF, Watanabe H. Thyroxin-triiodothyronine concentrations in thryoid powders. J Pharm Sci. 1966 Apr;55(4):390-3
  22. Alley RA, Danowski TS, Robbins T JL, Weir TF, Sabeh G, and Moses CL. Indices during administration of T4 and T3 to euthyroid adults. Metabolism. 1968;17(2):97-104
  23. Escobar-Morreale HF, Obregon MJ, Escobar del Rey F, Morreale de Escobar G. Replacement therapy for hypothyroidism with thyroxine alone does not ensure euthyroidism in all tissues, as studied in thyroidectomized rats. J Clin Invest. 1995 Dec;96(6):2828-38
  24. Asper SP Jr, Selenkow HA, and Plamondon CA. A comparaison of the metabolic activities of 3,5,3-triiodothyronine and l-thyroxine in myxedema. Bull John Hopkins Hosp. 1953; 93: 164
  25. Blackburn CM, McConahey WM, Keating FR Jr, Albert A. Calorigenic effects of single intravenous doses of l-triiodothyronine and l-thyroxine in myxedematous persons. J Clin Invest. 1954 Jun;33(6):819-24
  26. Gross J, Pitt-Rivers R. Physiological activity of 3:5:3′-L-triiodothyronine. Lancet. 1952 Mar 22;1(12):593-4
  27. Gross J, Pitt-Rivers R. 3:5:3′-triiodothyronine. 2. Physiological activity. Biochem J. 1953 Mar;53(4):652-7
  28. Burroughs V, Shenkman L. Thyroid function in the elderly. Am J Med Sci. 1982, 283 (1): 8-17
  29. Carter JN, Eastman CJ, Corcoran JM, and Lazarus L. Inhibition of conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in patients with severe chronic illness. Clin Endocrinol. 1976; 5: 587-94
  30. Tulp OL and McKee TD Sr. Triiodothyronine neogenesis in lean and obese LA/N-cp rats. Biochem Biophys Res Communications. 1986; 140 (1): 134-42
  31. Katzeff HI, Selgrad C. Impaired peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism in genetic obesity. Endocrinology. 1993; 132 (3): 989-95
  32. Croxson MS and Ibbertson HK. Low serum triiodothyronine (T3) and hypothyroidism in anorexia nervosa. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1977; 44: 167-73
  33. Harns ARC, Fang SH, Vagenakis AG, and Braverman LE. Effect of starvation, nutriment replacement, and hypothyroidism on in vitro hepatic T4 to T3 conversion in the rat. Metabolism. 1978;27(11):1680-90
  34. Opstad PK, Falch D, ktedalen O, Fonnum F, and Wergeland R. The thyroid function in young men during prolonged physical exercise and the effect of energy and sleep deprivation. Clin Endocrinol. 1984; 20: 657-69
  35. Walfish PG. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine interrelationships in health and disease. Can Med Ass. J 1976, 115: 338-4
  36. Feyes D, Hennemann G and Visser TJ. Inhibition of iodothyronine deiodinase by phenolphtalein dyes. Fed Eur Biomed Sci. 1982; 137(1):40-4
  37. Bahn AK, Mills JL, Snyder PJ, Gann PH, Houten L, Bialik O, Hollmann L, and Utiger RD. Hypothyroidism in workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. N Engl J Med. 1980; 302: 31-3
  38. Ikeda T, Ito Y, Murakami I, Mokuda O, Tominaga M and Mashiba H. Conversion of T4 to T3 in perfused liver of rats with carbontetrachloride-induced liver injury. Acta Endocrinol. 1986;112: 89-92
  39. Paier, B; Hagmller, K; Noli, MI; Gonzalez Pondal, M; Stiegler, C; Zaninovich, AA. Changes induced by cadmium administration on thyroxine deiodination and sulfhydryl groups in rat liver. J Endocrinol. 1993; 138(2):219-22
  40. arregrd L, Lindstedt G, Schtz A, Sllsten G. Endocrine function in mercury exposed chloralkali workers. Occup Envir Med. 1994; 51: 536-40
  41. Burger AG, Lambert M, Cullen M. Interfrence de substances mdicamenteuses dans la conversion de T4 en T3 et rT3 chez lhomme. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 1981,42:461-9
  42. Grussendorf M, Hfner M. Induction of the thyroxine to triiodothyronine converting enzyme in rat liver by thyroid hormones and analogs. Clin Chim Acta. 1977;80:61-6
  43. Erickson VJ, Cavalieri RR, Rosenberg LL. Thyroxine-5-diodinase of rat thyroid, but not that of liver, is dependent on thyrotropin. Endocrinology. 1982;111:434-40
  44. Rezvani I, DiGeorge AM, Dowshen SA, Bourdony CJ. Action of human growth hormone on extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in children with hypopituitarism. Pediatr Res. 1981;15:6-9
  45. Schrder-Van der elst JP, Van der heide D. Effects of streptozocin-induced diabetes and food restriction on quantities and source of T4 and T3 in rat tissues. Diabetes. 1992;41:147-52
  46. Gavin LA, Mahon FA, Moeller M. The mechanism of impaired T3 production from T4 in diabetes. Diabetes. 1981;30:694-9
  47. Hoover PA, Vaughan MK, Little JC, Reiter RJ. N-methyl-D-aspartate does not prevent effects of melatonin on the reproductive and thyroid axes of male Syrian hamsters. J Endocrinology. 1992;133:51-8
  48. Chanoine J-P, Safran M, Farwell AP, Tranter P, Ekenbarger DM, Dubord S, Alex s, Arthur JR, Beckett GJ, Braverman LE, Leonard JL. Selenium deficiency and type II 5-deiodinase regulation in the euthyroid and hypothyroid rat: evidence of a direct effect of thyroxine. Endocrinology. 1992;130:479-84
  49. Arthur JR, Nicol F, Beckett GJ. Selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone metabolism, and thyroid hormone deiodinases. Am J Clin Nutr Suppl. 1993; 57:236S-9S
  50. Beard J, Tobin B, and Green W. Evidence for thyroid hormone deficiency in iron-deficient anemic rats. J Nutr. 1989;772-8
  51. Fujimoto S, Indo Y, Higashi A, Matsuda I, Kashiwabara N, and Nakashima I. Conversion of thyroxine into triiodothyronine in zinc deficient rat liver. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1986;5:799-805
  52. Olin KI, Walter RM, and Keen CL. Copper deficiency affects selenoglutathione peroxidase and selenodeiodinase activities and antioxidant defense in weanling rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:654-8
  53. Westgren U, Ahren B, Burger A, Ingemansson S, Melander A. Effects of dexamethasone, desoxycorticosterone, and ACTH on serum concentrations ot thyroxine, 3,5,3-triiodothyronine and 3,3,5-triiodothyronine. Acta Med Scand. 1977;202 (1-2): 89-92
  54. Heyma P, Larkins RG. Glucocorticoids decrease the conversion of thyroxine into 3,5,3-triiodothyronine by isolated rat renal tubules. Clin Science. 1982; 62: 215-20
  55. Scammell JG, Shiverick KT, Fregly MJ. Effect of chronic treatment with estrogen and thyroxine, alone and combined, on the rate of deiodination of l-thyroxine to 3,5,3-triiodothyronine in vitro. Pharmacology. 1986;33: 52-7
  56. Aizawa T, Yamada T. Effects of thyroid hormones, antithyroid drugs and iodide on in vitro conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 1981; 8: 215-25
  57. Voss C, Schrober HC, Hartmann N. Einfluss von Lithium auf die in vitro-Deioderung von l-Thyroxin in der Ratten leber. Acta Biol Med Germ. 1977; 36:1061-5
  58. Hays MT. Absorption of oral thyroxine in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968; 28 (6):749-56
  59. Surks MI, Schodlow AR, Stock Jm, Oppenheimer JH. Determination of iodothyronine absorption and conversion of L-thyroxine using turnover rate techniques. J Clin Invest. 1973; 52:809-11
  60. Hubbard WK. FDA notice regarding levothyroxine sodium. Federal register. 1997; 62(157): 1-10
  61. Peran S, Garriga MJ, Morreale de Escobar G, Asuncion M, Peran M. Increase in plasma thyrotropin levels in hypothyroid patients during treatment due to a defect in the commercial preparation . J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(10):3192-5
  62. Selivonenko VG, Zaika IV. The function of the thyroid and thyrotropic function in patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and rhythm disorders. Lik Sprava. 1998 Jan-Feb;(1):81-3
  63. Inama G, Furlanello F, Fiorentini F, Braito G, Vergara G, Casana P. Arrhythmogenic implications of non-iatrogenic thyroid dysfunction. G Ital Cardiol. 1989 Apr;19(4):303-10 (Hypothyroidism in patients with hyperkinetic ventricular arrhythmias (25%), atrial fibrillation (37.5%) and atrio-ventricular block (37.5%))
  64. Vanin LN, Smetnev AS, Sokolov SF, Kotova GA, Masenko VP. Thyroid function in patients with ventricular arrhythmia. Kardiologiia. 1989 Feb;29(2):64-7 (Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 4.8% of 21 patients with persistent ventricular arrhythmias, and latent hypothyroidism was diagnosed in 38.1%)
  65. Nesher G, Zion MM. Recurrent ventricular tachycardia in hypothyroidism==report of a case and review of the literature. Cardiology. 1988;75(4):301-6
  66. Fredlund BO, Olsson SB. Long QT interval and ventricular tachycardia of “torsade de pointe” type in hypothyroidism. Acta Med Scand. 1983;213(3):231-5
  67. Miura S, Iitaka M, Suzuki S, Fukasawa N, Kitahama S, Kawakami Y, Sakatsume Y, Yamanaka K, Kawasaki S, Kinoshita S, Katayama S, Shibosawa T, Ishii J. Decrease in serum levels of thyroid hormone in patients with coronary heart disease. Endocr J. 1996 Dec;43(6):657-6
  68. Cerillo AG, Bevilacqua S, Storti S, Mariani M, Kallushi E, Ripoli A, Clerico A, Glauber M. Free triiodothyronine: a novel predictor of postoperative atrial fibrillation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2003 Oct;24(4):487-92
  69. Telkova IL, Tepliakov AT. Changes of thyroid hormone levels in the progression of coronary artery disease. Arteriosclerosis. Klin Med (Mosk). 2004;82(4):29-34
  70. Pavlou HN, Kliridis PA, Panagiotopoulos AA, Goritsas CP, Vassilakos PJ. Euthyroid sick syndrome in acute ischemic syndromes. Angiology. 2002 Nov-Dec;53(6):699-707
  71. Pimenov LT, Leshchinskii LA. Thyroid hormone changes (iodothyroninemia) in patients with acute myocardial infarction, and their clinical significance. Kardiologiia. 1984 Oct;24(10):74-7
  72. Satar S, Seydaoglu G, Avci A, Sebe A, Karcioglu O, Topal M. Prognostic value of thyroid hormone levels in acute myocardial infarction: just an epiphenomenon? Am Heart Hosp J. 2005 Fall;3(4):227-33
  73. Zoncu S, Pigliaru F, Putzu C, Pisano L, Vargiu S, Deidda M, Mariotti S, Mercuro G. Cardiac function in borderline hypothyroidism: a study by pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;152(4):527-33 (namely impairment of systolic ejection, a delay in diastolic relaxation and a decrease in the compliance to the ventricular filling. Several significant correlations were found between the parameters and serum-free T(3) and T(4) and TSH concentrations. Data strongly support the concept of a continuum spectrum of a slight thyroid failure in autoimmune thyroiditis)
  74. Khaleeli AA, Memon N. Factors affecting resolution of pericardial effusions in primary hypothyroidism: a clinical, biochemical and echocardiographic study. Postgrad Med J. 1982 Aug;58(682):473-6
  75. Reza MJ, Abbasi AS. Congestive cardiomyopathy in hypothyroidism. West J Med. 1975 Sep;123(3):228-30
  76. Rays J, Wajngarten M, Gebara OC, Nussbacher A, Telles RM, Pierri H, Rosano G, Serro-Azul JB. Long-term prognostic value of triiodothyronine concentration in elderly patients with heart failure. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2003 Sep-Oct;12(5):293-7 (Lower serum T3 in cardiac failure: the odds ratio for events was 9.8 (95% confidence interval,2.2-43, p=0.004) for patients in the lowest tertile of triiodothyronine, that is, lower than 80 ng/dL, compared with patients with levels above 80 ng/dL)
  77. Pingitore A, Landi P, Taddei MC, Ripoli A, L’Abbate A, Iervasi G. Triiodothyronine levels for risk stratification of patients with chronic heart failure. Am J Med. 2005 Feb;118(2):132-6
  78. Klein I, Ojama K. In: Werner & Ingbars The Thyroid, ed. Braverman LE & Utiger RD, Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1996, 62: 799-804
  79. Hamilton MA, Stevenson LW, Luu M, Walden JA. Altered thyroid hormone metabolism in advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Jul;16(1):91-5
  80. Kozdag G, Ural D, Vural A, Agacdiken A, Kahraman G, Sahin T, Ural E, Komsuoglu B. Relation between free triiodothyronine/free thyroxine ratio, echocardiographic parameters and mortality in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2005 Jan;7(1):113-8
  81. Wortsman J, Premachandra BN, Chopra IJ, Murphy JE. Hypothyroxinemia in cardiac arrest. Arch Intern Med. 1987 Feb;147(2):245-8
  82. Iervasi G, Pingitore A, Landi P, Raciti M, Ripoli A, Scarlattini M, L’Abbate A, Donato L. Low-T3 syndrome: a strong prognostic predictor of death in patients with heart disease. Circulation. 2003 Feb 11;107(5):708-13
  83. Corrective thyroid therapy is safe in hypothyroid patients with common benign cardiac arrhythmias at the condition that thyroid treatment is started at low doses and then gradually and prudently increased to the adequate dose. The treatment does not trigger an increase in arrhythmia frequency except in rare patients with baseline atrial premature beats. It is, however, associated with an increase in basal, average and maximal heart rates
  84. Polikar R, Feld GK, Dittrich HC, Smith J, Nicod P. Effect of thyroid replacement therapy on the frequency of benign atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Oct;14(4):999-1002
  85. Yamauchi K, Takasu N, Ichikawa K, Yamada T, Aizawa T. Effects of long-term treatment with thyroxine on pituitary TSH secretion and heart action in patients with hypothyroidism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1984 Oct;107(2):218-24 (T4 doses should be adjusted to maintain normal ET/PEP (systolic time intervals) rather than normal serum TSH levels)
  86. Barnes BO. Prophylaxis of ischaemic heart-disease by thyroid therapy. Lancet. 1959 Aug 22;2:149-52
  87. Holland FW 2nd, Brown PS Jr, Clark RE. Acute severe postischemic myocardial depression reversed by triiodothyronine. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992 Aug;54(2):301-5
  88. Israel M. An effective therapeutic approach to the control of atherosclerosis illustrating harmlessness of prolonged use of thyroid hormone in coronary disease. Am J Dig Dis. 1955 June;161-8
  89. Yokoyama Y, Novitzky D, Deal MT, Snow TR. Facilitated recovery of cardiac performance by triiodothyronine following a transient ischemic insult. Cardiology. 1992;81(1):34-45
  90. Perk M, ONeill BJ; The effect of thyroid therapy on angiographic artery disease progression. Can J Card. 1997;13(3):273-6
  91. Zondek H. Myxedema Heart. Munch Med Wochenschr. 1918, 65: 1180-3
  92. Novitzky D, Fontanet H, Snyder M, Coblio N, Smith D, Parsonnet V. Impact of triiodothyronine on the survival of high-risk patients undergoing open heart surgery. Cardiology. 1996 Nov-Dec;87(6):509-15.
  93. Novitzky D, Cooper DK, Chaffin JS, Greer AE, DeBault LE, Zuhdi N. Improved cardiac allograft function following triiodothyronine therapy to both donor and recipient. Transplantation. 1990 Feb;49(2):311-6
  94. Yao J, Eghbali M. Decreased collagen mRNA and regression of cardiac fibrosis in the ventricular myocardium of the tight skin mouse following thyroid hormone treatment. Cardiovasc Res. 1992 Jun;26(6):603-7
  95. Facktor MA, Mayor GH, Nachreiner RF, D’Alecy LG. Thyroid hormone loss and replacement during resuscitation from cardiac arrest in dogs. Resuscitation. 1993 Oct;26(2):141-6
  96. Shigematsu H, Shatney CH. The effect of triiodothyronine (T3) and reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) on canine hemorrhagic shock. Nippon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1988 Oct;89(10):1587-93.
  97. Joint Committee on Higher Medical Training, Higher Medical Training Curriculum for Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, 2003
  98. WHO Handbook for Guideline Development http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/mtct/grc_handbook_mar2010_1.pdf
  99. Kavanagh BP(2009) The GRADE system for Rating Clinical Guidelines. PLoS Med 6(9): e10000094,doi:10.137/journal.pmed.10000094
  100. UK Guidelines for the Use of Thyroid Function Tests (July 2006) http://www.british-thyroid-association.org/info-for-patients/Docs/TFT_guideline_final_version_July_2006.pdf
  101. Amerling R, Winchester JF, Ronco C, Guidelines have done more harm than good,Blood Purification 2008;26;73-76.
  102. Guirguis-Blake J, Calonge N, Miller T, Siu A, Teutsch S, Whitlock E., Current processes of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: refining evidence-based recommendation development. Ann. Intern. Med 2007; 147(2):11722.
  103. Barton MB, Miller T, Wolff T, et al. How to read the new recommendation statement: methods update from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Ann. Intern. Med 2007;147(2):1237.
  104. Pritchard EK, The Linguistic Etiologies of Thyroxine-Resistant Hypothyroidism, Thyroid Science www.thyroidscience.com click on debate.
  105. Gossel, TA, Endocrinology Continuing Education accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), 2005
  106. Baskin, HJ, MD, Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Evaluation and Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism, Am Assoc Clin Endocrinol, 2002, Rev 2006
  107. Levy EG, Ridgway EC, Wartofsky L, Algorithms for Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disorders, www.thyroidtoday.com 2004.
  108. Patients with Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism, and Guidelines for Detection of Thyroid Dysfunction.The American Thyroid Association provides links to several hypothyroidism related guidelines www.thyroid.org
  109. Vanderpump MPJ, Ahlquist JAO, Franklyn JA, et al., Consensus Statement for Good Practice and Audit Measures in the Management of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism, BMJ, August 1996
  110. Garber JR, Hennessey JV, Lieberman JA, Morris CM, Talbert RI, Managing the Challenges of Hypothyroidism, Supplement to J of Fam Pract, 2006, www.jponline.com
  111. Kaplan MM, Clinical Perspectives in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Disease, Clin Chem, 1999, 45:8(B) 1377-1383
  112. The Royal College of Physicians http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/sites/default/files/the-diagnosis-and-management-of-primary-hypothyroidism-revised-statement-14-june-2011_2.pdf
  113. Goldberg M, The Case For Euthyroid Hypometabolism, Am J Med Sc October, 1960 pgs 479-493
  114. Goldberg M, Diagnosis of Euthyroid Hypometabolism, Am J Obst & Gynec, 81(5): 1053-1058, 1961
  115. Baisier, WV, Hertoghe, J., B, Eekhaut, W., Thyroid Insufficiency? Is Thyroxine the Only Valuable Drug?, Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 11, No. 3, September 2001, pages 159-166
  116. Braverman LE, Ingbar SH, Keinwem S, Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) to Triiodothyronine (T3) in Athyreotic Human Subjects, The J Clin Invest, 1970
  117. BRUCE H. COHEN, MD, DEBORAH R. GOLD, MD. What we know so far.Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine Volume 68.No 7; July 2001
  118. Dillman E, Gale C, Green W, et al. Hypothermia in iron deficiency due to altered triiodithyroidine metabolism. Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 1980;239(5):377-R381.
  119. Smith SM, Johnson PE, Lukaski HC. In vitro hepatic thyroid hormone deiodination in iron-deficient rats: effect of dietary fat. Life Sci 1993;53(8):603-9.
  120. Zimmermann MB, Khrle J. The Impact of Iron and Selenium Deficiencies on Iodine and Thyroid Metabolism: Biochemistry and Relevance to Public Health. Thyroid 2002;12(10): 867-78.
  121. Beard J, tobin B, Green W. Evidence for Thyroid Hormone Deficiency in Iron-Deficient Anemic Rats. J. Nutr. 1989;119:772-778.
  122. Jabbar A, Yawar A, Waseem S, Islam N, Ul Haque N, Zuberi L, Khan A, Akhter J. Vitamin B12 deficiency common in primary hypothyroidism. Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. 2008 May;58(5):258-61.
  123. Julia Brsony, P. Lakatos, J. Fldes and T. Fehr. Effect of vitamin D3 loading and thyroid hormone replacement therapy on the decreased serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level in patients with hypothyroidism: Acta Endocrinol November 1, 1986 113 329-334
  124. B. CATARGI, F. PARROT-ROULAUD, C. COCHET, D. DUCASSOU, P. ROGER, and A. TABARIN. Thyroid. December 1999, 9(12): 1163-1166. doi:10.1089/thy.1999.9.1163. Published in Volume: 9 Issue 12: January 30, 2009
  125. Bjrn G. Nedreb, Ottar Nygrd, Per M. Ueland, and Ernst A. Lien; Plasma Total Homocysteine in Hyper- and Hypothyroid Patients before and during 12 Months of Treatment. Clinical Chemistry September 2001 vol. 47 no. 9 1738-1741
  126. JOHN E. JONESt PAUL C. DESPER, STANLEY R. SHANE, AND EDMUND B. FLINK .Magnesium Metabolism in Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism: Journal of Clinical Investigation. Vol. 45, No. 6, 1966
  127. Lawrence Wilson, MD .COPPER TOXICITY SYNDROME Revised, July 2011, The Center For Development. http://www.drlwilson.com/articles/copper_toxicity_syndrome.htm
  128. Vivek R Joshi, Ayaz K Mallick, Manjunatha Goud B K, Ravindra Maradi, Maheshwar G Reddy, Raghavendra Tey, Gaurav Shorey. Effect of serum copper concentration and ceruloplasmin on lipid parameters leading to increased propensity to cardiovascular risk. Department of Biochemistry, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Manipal University. ISSN: 0975-8585
  129. Iham Amir Al-Juboori , Rafi Al-Rawi, Hussein Kadhem A-Hakeim. Estimation of Serum Copper, Manganese, Selenium, and Zinc in Hypothyroidism Patients. IUFS Journal of Biology Short Communication 121 IUFS J Biol 2009, 68(2): 121-126
  130. Rajagopal KR, Abbrecht PH, Derderian SS, Pickett C, Hofeldt F, Tellis CJ, Zwillich CW. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and hypothyroidism (a report of three cases)].Ann Intern Med. 1984 Oct; 101(4):491-4.
  131. Rack SK, Makela EH. Hypothyroidism and depression: a therapeutic challenge Department of Behavioural Medicine and Psychiatry. Ann Pharmacother 2000 Oct; 34(10):1142-5
  132. Jonathan Stephen Murray, Rubaraj Jayarajasingh, Petros Perros. Deterioration of symptoms after start of thyroid hormone replacementBMJ.2001 August 11; 323(7308):332-333
  133. Annane D, Sbille V, Charpentier C, Bollaert PE, Franois B, Korach JM, Capellier G, Cohen Y, Azoulay E, Troch G, Chaumet-Riffaud P, Bellissant E.Effect of treatment with low doses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patients with septic shock. JAMA. 2002 Aug 21;288(7):862-71.
  134. C.Orian Truss, M.D. Restoration of Immunologic Competence to Candida Albicans [http://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1980/pdf/1980-v09n04-p287.pdf]
  135. Diabetes Care January 2011 vol. 34 no. Supplement 1 S11-S61
  136. McDermott JH, Coss A, Walsh CH. Celiac disease presenting as resistant hypothyroidism. Thyroid. 2005 Apr;15(4):386-8.
  137. John Saunders. The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science. Med Humanities 2000;26:18-22 doi:10.1136/mh.26.1.18
  138. Wilson James L. Adrenal Fatigue, The 21st Century Stress Syndrome. Smart Publications. ISBN 1-890572-15-2
  139. Robert H. Seller, MD and Andrew B. Symons, MD, MS Differential Diagnosis of Common Complaints, 6th Edition. ISBN: 9781455707720
  140. Differential Diagnosis (DDX) Definition: The distinguishing of a disease or condition from others presenting with similar signs and symptoms, Merriam-Webster
  141. Differential Diagnosis (DDX) is a systematic method used to identify unknowns. This method, essentially a process of elimination, is used by taxonomists to identify living organisms, and by physicians and other qualified professionals to diagnose the specific disease in a patient. Not all medical diagnoses are differential ones: some diagnoses merely name a set of signs and symptoms that may have more than one possible cause, and some diagnoses are based on intuition or estimations of likelihood. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_diagnosis
  142. Differential Diagnosis is a medical adaption of the process of elimination. These processes are based upon the logic of disjunctive syllogism, which is known from antiquity as modus tollendo poner
  143. Barnes. Temperature v Basal Metabolism. Journal Of American Medical Association. 119:1072,1942
  144. Henryk Zulewski, Beat Mller, Pascale Exer, Andr R. Miserez and Jean-Jacques Staub:Estimation of Tissue Hypothyroidism by a New Clinical Score: Evaluation of Patients with Various Grades of Hypothyroidism and Controls: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
  145. Robin P Peeters, Wendy M van der Deure, Theo J Visser Genetic variation in thyroid hormone pathway genes; polymorphisms in the TSH receptor and the iodothyronine deiodinases : Eur J Endocrinol November 1, 2006 155 655-662
  146. Tolulope O Olateju and Mark P J Vanderpump. Thyroid hormone resistance. Ann Clin Biochem 1 November 2006 vol. 43 no. 6 431-440
  147. The Royal College of Physicians Clinical Guidelines: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/resources/clinical/guidelines
  148. Salman Razvi, MD, FRCP; Jolanta U. Weaver, PhD, FRCP; Timothy J. Butler, MRCGP; Simon H. S. Pearce, MD, FRCP.Levothyroxine Treatment of Subclinical Hypothyroidism, Fatal and Nonfatal Cardiovascular Events, and Mortality: Arch Intern Med. Published online April 23, 2012. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1159
  149. Walsh, Dr. John P., Combined Thyroxine/Liothyronine Treatment Does Not Improve Well-Being, Quality of Life, Or Cognitive Function Compared to Thyroxine Alone: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Patients with Primary Hypothyroidism, J Clin Endocrinol Metabol, 88(10):4543-50.
  150. Clyde, Patrick W, MD, Combinination Levothyroxine/Liothyronine Shows No Obvious Benefit Over Levothyroxine Alone in Patients With Primary Hypothyroidism, JAMA, December 2003 as reported by Joene Hendry of Doctors Guide.
  151. Sawka AM, Gerstein HC, Marriot MJ, MacQueen GM & Joffe RT. D oes a combination regimen of thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,31- triiodothyronine improve depressive symptoms better than T4 lone in patients with hypothyroidism? Results of a double-blind, andomized, controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 45514555
  152. Cassio, A., Cacciari, E., Cicgnani, A., et al. Treatment of congenital hypothyroidism: thyroxine alone or thyroxine plus triiodothyronine? Pediatrics, 2003,111(5):1055-1060
  153. Lowe, J.C.: Stability, effectiveness, and safety of desiccated thyroid . . . . Thyroid Science 4(3):C1-12, 2009 11
  154. Grozinsky-Glasberg, S., Fraser, A., Nahshoni, E., et al.: Thyroxine-triiodothyronine combination therapy versus thyroxine monotherapy for clinical hypothroidismy: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 91:2592-2599, 2006.
  155. Cobb, W.E. and Jackson, I.M.: Drug therapy reviews: management of hypothyroidism.Am. J. Hosp. Pharm., 35(1):51-58, 1978.
  156. Bastemir, M., Akin, F., Alkis, E., et al.: Obesity is associated with increased serum TSH level, independent of thyroid function. Swiss. Med. Wkly., 137(29-30): 431-434, 2007.
  157. Nygaard B et al. Effect of combination therapy with thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3?-triiodothyroxine versus T4 monotherapy in patients with hypothyroidism, a double-blind, randomised cross-over study. EJE 2009;161:895902.
  158. Harvinder Chahal, Anna Hawkins & Kash Nikookam. T3 a life saver. Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, King George Hospital, Barking, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Greater London, United Kingdom. Endocrine Abstracts (2012) 28 P121
  159. Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg, Abigail Fraser, Ethan Nahshoni, Abraham Weizman and Leonard Leibovici. Thyroxine-Triiodothyronine Combination Therapy [I]Versus Thyroxine Monotherapy for Clinical Hypothyroidism: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial.[/I] The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism July 1, 2006 vol. 91 no. 7 2592-2599
  160. Celi FS, Zemskova M, Linderman JD, et al., The pharmacodynamic equivalence of levothyroxine and liothyronine. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study in thyroidectomized patients., Clin Endocrinol, 2010 May; 72(5) 709-715, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03700.x.
  161. Bunevicius, R. and Prange, A.J.: Mental improvement after replacement therapy with thyroxine plus triiodothyronine: relationship to cause of hypothyroidism. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 3(2):167-174, 2000.
  162. Bunevicius, R., Jakubonien, N., Jurkevicius, R., et al.: Thyroxine vs thyroxine plus triiodothyronine in treatment of hypothyroidism after thyroidectomy for Graves disease. Endocrine, 18(2):129-133, 2002
  163. Avantika C. Waring et.al. Thyroid Function and Mortality in Older Men: A Prospective Study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism January 11, 2012 jc.2011-2684
  164. O’Reilly DS .Thyroid hormone replacement: an iatrogenic problem.Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jun;64(7):991-4.
  165. Warmingham, P.: Effect of exogenous thyroid hormone intake on the interpretation of serum TSH test results. Thyroid Science, 5(7)1-6, 201
  166. Igoe, D., Duffy, M.J., and McKenna, T.J.: TSH as an index of L-thyroxine replacement and suppression therapy. Ir. J. Med. Sci., 161(12):684-686, 1992
  167. Bjrn O. svold, Lars J. Vatten,Kristian Midthiell and Trine Bjro; November 2, 2011, doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-1724: The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism January 1, 2012 vol. 97 no. 1 93-99
  168. Royal College of Physicians Remit: http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/what-we-do
  169. Good Medical Practice: Teaching and training, appraising and assessing. http://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/good_medical_practice/teaching_training.asp
  170. British Thyroid Foundation and NHS Choices: http://www.talkhealthpartnership.com/forum/viewforum.php?f=123
  171. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency: Interim Report of the Review of Unlicensed Medicines. http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/is-pol/documents/publication/con046467.pdf
  172. Introduction to Tort: 2/14/2008 http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199292240/strong_ch01.pdf
  173. Kirk E, Kvorning SA, Acta Med. Scandinav., Suppl. 184. pp 3-83. 1947
  174. Means JH, Lectures on Thyroid, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, pgs 48-49, 1954
  175. Refetoff S, Weiss RE, Usala SJ, The Syndromes of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone, Endocr Rev, 1993, 14(3):348-399
  176. Wilson James L. Adrenal Fatigue, The 21st Century Stress Syndrome. Smart Publications. ISBN 1-890572-15-2
  177. John Saunders. The practice of clinical medicine as an art and as a science. Med Humanities 2000;26:18-22 doi:10.1136/mh.26.1.18
  178. British Thyroid Association.Armour Thyroid (USP) and combined thyroxine/ tri-iodothyronine as Thyroid Hormone Replacement. A Statement from the BTA Executive Committee November 2007- http://www.british-thyroid-association.org/Guidelines/Docs/Armour_nov_07.pdf
  179. Turner S. The Thyroid Patient Advocacy-UK (TPA-UK) Response to: A Statement from the British Thyroid Association Executive Committee on Armour Thyroid http://www.tpa-uk.org.uk/resp_bta_armour.pdf
  180. Cooper, D.S.: Combined T4 and T3 therapyback to the drawing board. J.A.M.A., 290:3002-3004, 2003.
  181. Gorowski, T., Pucilowska, J., and Wernic, K.: Comparative effects of desiccated thyroid gland and sodium salt of L-thyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Pol. Tyg. Lek., 44(32-33):768-770, 1989.
  182. Krenning, E.P., Docter, R., Visser, T.J., et al.: Replacement therapy with L-thyroxine: serum thyroid hormone and thyrotropin levels in hypothyroid patients changing from desiccated thyroid to pure thyroxine substitution therapy. Neth. J. Med., 28(1):1-5, 1981.
  183. Felt, V. and Nedvidkova, J.: Comparison of treatment with L-thyroxine and a dried thyroid gland preparation in patients with hypothyroidism. Vnitr. Lek., 28 (11):1067-1073, 1982.
  184. Wartofsky, L.: Combined levotriiodothyronine and levothyroxine therapy for hypothyroidism: are we a step closer to the magic formula? Thyroid, 14(4):247-248, 2004.
  185. Rodriguez, T., Lavis, V.R., Meininger, J.C., et al.: Substitution of liothyronine at a 1:5 ratio for a portion of levothyroxine: effect on fatigue, symptoms of depression, and working memory versus treatment with levothyroxine alone. Endocr. Pract., 11:223233,2005
  186. Kosowicz, J., Horst-Sikorska, W., Lacka, K., et al. Outcome of treating hypothyroidism with thyreoideum. Pol. Tyg. Lek, 48(27-28):599-602, 1993.Warszawie, C.M.K.P.: Treatment of hypothyroidism with L-thyroxine. Pol. Tyg. Lek, 48(27-28):605-608, 1993.
  187. Singh, S.P., Feldman, E.B., and Carter, A.C.: Desiccated thyroid and levothyroxine in hypothyroidism:comparison in replacement therapy. N.Y. State J. Med., 72(9):1045-1048, 1972.
  188. Sawin, C.T., Hershman, J.M., Fernandez-Garcia, R., et al.: A comparison of thyroxine and desiccated thyroid in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Metabolism, 27(10):1518-1525, 1978.
  189. Smith, R.N., Taylor, S.A., and Massey, J.C.: Controlled clinical trial of combined triiodothyronine andthyroxine in the treatment of hypothyroidism. Brit. Med. J., 4:145-148, 1970.
  190. McGavack, T.H. and Reckendorf, H.K.: Therapeutic activity of desiccated thyroid substance, sodium Lthyroxine and D, L-triiodothyronine: a comparative study. Am. J. Med., 20:774-777, 1956.
  191. Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Botella-Carretero, J.I., Gmez-Bueno, M., et al.: Thyroid hormone replacement therapy in primary hypothyroidism: a randomized trial comparing L-thyroxine plus liothyronine with L-thyroxine alone. Ann. Intern. Med., 142(6): 412-424, 2005.1
  192. Map of Medicine: Royal College of Physicians Joint specialty societies. http://eng.mapofmedicine.com/evidence/map/thyroid_disorders1.html
  193. Danzi S, Ojamaa K, and Klein I, Triiodothyronine-Mediated Myosin Heavy Chain Gene Transcription in the Heart, Am J Phys Heart Circ Physiol, Feb 27, 2003
  194. Eisenstein Z, Hagg S, Braverman LE, et al., Effect of Starvation on the Production and Peripheral Metabolism of 3,3′,5′ Triiodothyronine in Euthyroid Obese Subjects, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1978, 47(4): 889-893
  195. Nomura S., et al. Reduced Peripheral Conversion of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis, J of Clin Invest, Sept 1975, 56(3): 643-652
  196. Refetoff S, Dewind LT, DeGroot LJ, Familial Syndrome Combining Deaf-mutism, Stippled Epiphyses, Goiter and Abnormally High PBI: Possible Target Organ Refactoriness to Thyroid Hormone, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 27:279, 1967
  197. Weiss RE, Refetoff S, Treatment of Resistance to Thyroid Hormone Primum Non Nocere, J Clin Endocr Metabol, 84(2):401-404
  198. Benson K, Hartz AJ, A Comparison of Observation Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials, NEJM, June 22, 2000, pgs 1878-86.
  199. Fang L, Tan T. Development of hypothyroidism therapy with thyroid hormone.Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2005 Apr;22(2):396-9.
  200. Rosenberg W, Donald A, Evidence based medicine: an approach to clinical problem-solving, BMJ 1995;310:1122-1126 (29 April)
  201. Sackett DL, Rosenberg MC, Muir Gray JA, Haynes RB, Richard WS, Evidence Base Medicine: What It Is and What It Isnt, BMJ, 1996; 312:71-72
  202. Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, et al. Initial Severity and Antidepressant Benefits: A Meta-Analysis of Data Submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. 2008, PLoS Med 5(2): e45 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045: Access full article at http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050045
  203. Pop VJ, Maartens LH, Leusink G, van Son MJ, Knottnerus AA, Ward AM, Metcalfe R, Weetman AP. Are autoimmune thyroid dysfunction and depression related? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Sep;83(9):3194-7
  204. Haggerty JJ Jr, Stern RA, Mason GA, Beckwith J, Morey CE, Prange AJ Jr. Subclinical hypothyroidism: a modifiable risk factor for depression? Am J Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;150(3):508-10
  205. Gold MS, Pottash AL, Extein I. Symptomless autoimmune thyroiditis in depression. Psychiatry Res. 1982 Jun;6(3):261-9
  206. OShanick GJ, Ellinwood EH Jr. Persistent elevation of thyroid-stimulating hormone in women with bipolar affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1982 Apr;139(4):513-4
  207. Howland RH. Thyroid dysfunction in refractory depression: implications for pathophysiology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Feb;54(2):47-54
  208. Kirkegaard C, Norlem N, Lauridsen UB, Bjorum N, Christiansen C. Protirelin stimulation test and thyroid function during treatment of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1975 Sep;32(9):1115-8
  209. Bauer MS, Whybrow PC, Winokur A. Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. I. Association with grade I hypothyroidism. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990 May;47(5):427-32
  210. Haggerty JJ Jr, Evans DL, Golden RN, Pedersen CA, Simon JS, Nemeroff CB. The presence of antithyroid antibodies in patients with affective and nonaffective psychiatric disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 1990 Jan 1;27(1):51-60
  211. Gaby AR.Sub-laboratory hypothyroidism and the empirical use of Armour thyroid. Altern Med Rev. 2004 Jun;9(2):157-79
  212. Joffe RT, Marriott M. Thyroid hormone levels and recurrence of major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Oct;157(10):1689-91 (the time to recurrence of major depression was inversely related to T3 levels but not to T4 levels)
  213. Afflelou S, Auriacombe M, Cazenave M, Chartres JP, Tignol J. Administration of high dose levothyroxine in treatment of rapid cycling bipolar disorders. Review of the literature and initial therapeutic application apropos of 6 cases. Encephale. 1997 May-Jun;23(3):209-17
  214. Bauer M, Baur H, Berghofer A, Strohle A, Hellweg R, Muller-Oerlinghausen B, Baumgartner A. Effects of supraphysiological thyroxine administration in healthy controls and patients with depressive disorders. J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):285-94
  215. Schwarcz G, Halaris A, Baxter L, Escobar J, Thompson M, Young M. Normal thyroid function in desipramine nonresponders converted to responders by the addition of L-triiodothyronine. Am J Psychiatry. 1984 Dec;141(12):1614-6
  216. Prange AJ Jr. Novel uses of thyroid hormones in patients with affective disorders. Thyroid. 1996 Oct;6(5):537-43
  217. Birkenhager TK, Vegt M, Nolen WA. An open study of triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in inpatients with refractory depression. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1997 Jan;30(1):23-6
  218. Joffe RT, Singer W, Levitt AJ, MacDonald C. A placebo-controlled comparison of lithium and triiodothyronine augmentation of tricyclic antidepressants in unipolar refractory depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993 May;50(5):387-93
  219. Altshuler LL, Bauer M, Frye MA, Gitlin MJ, Mintz J, Szuba MP, Leight KL, Whybrow PC. Does thyroid supplementation accelerate tricyclic antidepressant response? A review and meta-analysis of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1617-22
  220. Kikuchi M, Komuro R, Oka H, Kidani T, Hanaoka A, Koshino Y. Relationship between anxiety and thyroid function in patients with panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jan;29(1):77-81
  221. Bauer M, Priebe S, Kurten I, Graf KJ, Baumgartner A. Psychological and endocrine abnormalities in refugees from East Germany: Part I. Prolonged stress, psychopathology, and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis activity. Psychiatry Res. 1994 Jan;51(1):61-73
  222. Magliozzi JR, Maddock RJ, Gold AS, Gietzen DW. Relationships between thyroid indices and symptoms of anxiety in depressed outpatients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 1993 Jun;5(2):111-6
  223. Sait Gonen M, Kisakol G, Savas Cilli A, Dikbas O, Gungor K, Inal A, Kaya A. Assessment of anxiety in subclinical thyroid disorders. Endocr J. 2004 Jun;51(3):311-5
  224. Larisch R, Kley K, Nikolaus S, Sitte W, Franz M, Hautzel H, Tress W, Muller HW. Depression and anxiety in different thyroid function states. Horm Metab Res. 2004 Sep;36(9):650-3
  225. Constant EL, Adam S, Seron X, Bruyer R, Seghers A, Daumerie C. Anxiety and depression, attention, and executive functions in hypothyroidism. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2005 Sep;11(5):535-44
  226. Landen M, Baghaei F, Rosmond R, Holm G, Bjorntorp P, Eriksson E. Dyslipidemia and high waist-hip ratio in women with self-reported social anxiety. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2004 Sep;29(8):1037-46 (Serum levels of free thyroxin (14+/-2 vs. 16+/-4, P=0.04) were lower in subjects confirming social anxiety)
  227. Venero C, Guadano-Ferraz A, Herrero AI, Nordstrom K, Manzano J, de Escobar GM, Bernal J, Vennstrom B. Anxiety, memory impairment, and locomotor dysfunction caused by a mutant thyroid hormone receptor, 2005.
  228. Nakanishi T. Consideration on serum triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) concentration and T3/T4 ratio in the patients of senile dementia is it possible to prevent cerebro-vascular dementia? Igaku Kenkyu. 1990 Feb;60(1):18-25
  229. Molchan SE, Lawlor BA, Hill JL, Mellow AM, Davis CL, Martinez R, Sunderland T. The TRH stimulation test in Alzheimers disease and major depression: relationship to clinical and CSF measures. Biol Psychiatry. 1991 Sep 15;30(6):567-76
  230. Burmeister LA, Ganguli M, Dodge HH, Toczek T, DeKosky ST, Nebes RD. Hypothyroidism and cognition: preliminary evidence for a specific defect in memory. Thyroid. 2001 Dec;11(12):1177-85
  231. Monzani F, Pruneti CA, De Negri F, Simoncini M, Neri S, Di Bello V, Baracchini Muratorio G, Baschieri L. Preclinical hypothyroidism: early involvement of memory function, behavioral responsiveness and myocardial contractility. Minerva Endocrinol. 1991 Jul-Sep;16(3):113-8
  232. Baldini IM, Vita A, Maura MC, Amodei V, Carrisi M, Bravin S, Cantalamessa L. Psychopathological and cognitive features in subclinical hypothyroidism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;21(6):925-35
  233. Ganguli M, Burmeister LA, Seaberg EC, Belle S, DeKosky ST. Association between dementia and elevated TSH: a community-based study. Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Oct 15;40(8):714-25
  234. Monzon Monguilod MJ, Perez Lopez-Fraile I. Subclinical hypothyroidism as a cause of reversible cognitive deterioration. Neurologia. 1996 Nov;11(9):353-6
  235. Kinuya S, Michigishi T, Tonami N, Aburano T, Tsuji S, Hashimoto T. Reversible cerebral hypoperfusion observed with Tc-99m HMPAO SPECT in reversible dementia caused by hypothyroidism. Clin Nucl Med. 1999 Sep;24(9):666-8
  236. Monzani F, Del Guerra P, Caraccio N, Pruneti CA, Pucci E, Luisi M, Baschieri L. Subclinical hypothyroidism: neurobehavioral features and beneficial effect of L-thyroxine treatment. Clin Investig. 1993 May;71(5):367-71
  237. Medline Plus. The MedMaster Patient Drug Information database. Liothyronine:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/medmaster/a682462.html#side-effects
  238. M Abu-Helalah, M R Law, J P Bestwick, J P Monson, N J Wald. A randomized double-blind crossover trial to investigate the efficacy of screening for adult hypothyroidism. J Med Screen December 2010 vol. 17 no. 4 164-169
  239. Guardian: glaxosmithkline-pays-three-billion-dollars-to-settle-us-probe http://searchjustice.usdoj.gov/search?q=cache:YI31TqVHZqoJ:www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2010/November/10-civ-1335.html+pfizer++billion&client=default_frontend&site=default_collection&output=xml_no_dtd&proxystylesheet=default_frontend&ie=iso-8859-1&num=10&lr=&access=p&oe=ISO-8859-1
  240. 1.9bn fraud fine for Glaxo in US sparks calls for UK prosecution: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/19bn-fraud-fine-for-glaxo-in-us-sparks-calls-for-uk-prosecution-7906833.html
  241. Toft A, Beckett G, BMJ 2003 (8 Feb); 326:295-296

Tags:

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Previous comments